Posts tagged "conservative values"

Clawback Agreements in Commercial Litigation – Can You Unring a Bell?

Imagine this scenario: Woe Mart, Inc. – a multibillion dollar corporation – is deep in disputes with suppliers. Woe Mart’s General Counsel is trying to negotiate a settlement to avoid litigation. One day, Woe Mart gets notice from the suppliers’ lawyers of a suit to be filed in federal court along with a request to preserve any/all evidence, including electronic evidence. Woe Mart decides to hire a brilliant, seasoned litigator to defend against this frivolous lawsuit. Naturally, you get the call! You haven’t reviewed any documents, but your chat with Woe Mart’s General Counsel tells you this is a high stakes, multi-party complex commercial case. The first thing you do is have Woe Mart’s General Counsel email all employees instructing them to suspend all document destruction and institute a litigation hold. Next, you meet with Woe Mart’s IT personnel. Being the seasoned litigator, you are aware that discovery disputes are the black holes of complex commercial litigation. Woe Mart’s IT personnel inform you that they possess many types of electronic data that may be subject to discovery: email and attachments, word processing documents, spreadsheets, presentation documents, graphics, animations, images, audio, video and audiovisual recordings, instant messaging and voicemail. After a preliminary review, you realize that responding to discovery requests is a Herculean task – both in effort and cost.

Soon you are in a Rule 26(f) conference with opposing counsel. You discuss a discovery plan and try to agree with them on the repositories of electronically stored information that are relevant to the case. During discussion, opposition tells you they’ll serve discovery requests seeking copies of all emails sent or received by any employee concerning Woe Mart’s suppliers. If they insist on this, it will take months to review the emails for applicable privileges and protections. Opposing counsel proposes that you forgo preproduction review and produce all data under a “Clawback Agreement (CA).” You decide to discuss this with Woe Mart’s General Counsel and promise opposing counsel that you will get back to him. Before calling General Counsel, you decide to brush up your knowledge about CAs in federal courts.

CAs evolved as a safeguard against inadvertent waiver of attorney-client or work product privilege – especially when dealing with a large volume of documents. In a CA, both parties agree in writing that inadvertent production of privileged materials will not automatically constitute a waiver of privilege. If the producing party realizes the disclosure in a reasonable time, he can request the document’s return, or “claw it back” and the other party must comply. The other party is barred from using the privileged document to further his client’s case.

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were amended to provide for this clawback scenario. The Federal Rules of Evidence appear to follow suit. However, parties (with the apparent encouragement of courts) have been using CAs to clawback the inadvertent disclosure of privileged material even before the amendment of the Federal Rules. The general rule that partial disclosure on a subject will bring in its wake total disclosure can be avoided by entering into a contract. Courts are willing to enforce partial waiver between two parties, whereby the waiver of some privileged materials will not constitute waiver of all between the two parties.

During your research on CAs, you come across a case that jolts you – Victor Stanley, Inc. v. Creative Pipe, Inc. Stanley highlights the danger of not using a CA. In Stanley, defendant’s counsel, acknowledging the vast volume of documents to be produced, initially requested that the court approve a CA. The court was willing, but upon obtaining a time extension to produce documents, defendant’s counsel withdrew his request for a CA. Parties did not enter into a CA prior to discovery production. Unfortunately, defendant’s counsel erroneously produced documents that were within parameters of privilege and should have been withheld. The court ruled that defendant’s counsel was aware the case involved review of voluminous material and that there was a danger of inadvertent production of privileged info. The court also observed that the defendant’s counsel had initially wisely sought the protection of a CA. Had the defense not abandoned his request for a court-approved CA, he would have been protected. However, having abandoned the request for a CA, the defendant’s counsel waived any privilege for these documents. Once the disclosure of privileged material is made, any order issued to redress the disclosure – in absence of a CA – would be the equivalent of closing the barn door after the animals have run off. After reading the Stanley opinion you make a note to include CAs as a standard tool in your litigator’s toolbox.

However, upon doing further research you find out that CAs may not be the right answer in every situation. A CA, despite all its protective clauses, can’t guarantee against privilege waiver in other litigation contexts. Courts have rejected parties’ claims of privilege pursuant to protective agreements from prior litigation. In Genentech, Inc. v. U.S. International Trade Commission,  the plaintiff inadvertently disclosed 12,000 pages of privileged documents in a multi-district patent infringement suit. After the district judge held that privilege as to those documents had been waived, the administrative law judge presiding over another patent suit involving Genentech and different defendants ruled that the privilege waiver extended to that proceeding. Genentech argued that no general waiver applied to the second case because the parties to the district court case had been subject to a protective order. Because the appeals court determined that Genentech had failed to use adequate procedures to review for privilege in the first action, the court’s finding of waiver in the second proceeding was sustained.

Also, CAs will be of little help if used to offer selective waivers. This is where a party is willing to disclose privileged information to one party, for example a governmental agency, and not to other parties. Federal courts – including the Sixth Circuit– have struck down selective waivers (even when unconditional confidentiality agreements are entered into prior to the disclosure). Although some decisions have held that entering into an unconditional confidentiality agreement might, under some circumstances, protect the materials from subsequent compelled exposure, litigators shouldn’t bank on this. As the court in Navajo Nation v. Peabody Holding Co, upbraiding a party for strategic use of disclosures, held: “Parties should not be permitted to disclose documents for tactical purposes in one context, and then claim attorney-client privilege in another context.” 

Now you pause. You wonder about a strategic dilemma of using CAs. It is impossible for the receiving lawyer in such an arrangement to erase from memory the privileged material that he glimpsed. Can you unring a bell? Regardless of whether a court decides to enforce a CA, the fact remains that the receiving attorney has been exposed to privileged information and may still be able to use it to further his client’s case. Even if that attorney does not formally seek to enter an inadvertently disclosed document into evidence, he can use the information contained therein as a springboard to related documents or testimony. In effect, you fear that you may very well assist your opponent in developing his trial plan.  This however is a matter of strategy and a decision to use or not use a CA would have to be made on a case by case basis.

Your research also tells you that there is a danger that use of a CA in federal litigation may be deemed as a waiver of the privilege in subsequent state court litigation.  Clawback provisions in the Federal Rules, while respected in federal courts, may be deemed a common law waiver of privilege in state courts – not only for the document in question but also as a broad waiver of the subject matter involved.  Therefore, care must be taken to identify the controlling law in each jurisdiction.  You decide to find out the controlling law in your state – Michigan.

Michigan has recognized the attorney-client privilege as “the oldest of the privileges for confidential communications known to the common law.”  It has long held that a waiver of the privilege does not arise by accident.  Michigan courts have set forth principles explaining privilege and its waiver:

(1) In Michigan the attorney-client privilege has a dual nature – it includes both the security against publication and the right to control introduction into evidence of such information;

(2) This dual nature of the privilege applies where there has been inadvertent disclosure of privileged material;

(3) An implied waiver of the privilege must be judged by standards as stringent as for a “true waiver,” before the right to control the introduction of privileged matter into evidence will be destroyed, even though the inadvertent disclosure has eliminated any security against publication;

(4) A “true waiver” requires an intentional, voluntary act and cannot arise by implication or the voluntary relinquishment of a known right and

(5) Error of judgment where the person knows that privileged information is being released but concludes that the privilege will nevertheless survive will destroy any privilege.

You are happy to note that in Michigan a document “inadvertently” produced that is otherwise protected by the attorney-client, privilege remains protected. Absent a “true waiver,” a document retains its privileged status, regardless of whether it has been publicly disclosed. You happily note that unlike some federal courts, Michigan courts have held that counsel’s failure to take reasonable precautions to protect from inadvertent disclosure of privileged or protected material is not enough to be a true waiver.

However, you are troubled by the fact that in Michigan, once privileged info is disclosed to a 3rd party by the one who holds the privilege, privilege disappears. Privilege need only be validly waived once to be conclusively destroyed. Unfortunately, no Michigan case discusses a CA.

Also, you find that in Michigan “involuntary disclosure” of info by court order doesn’t amount to waiver of privilege.  You finally see light at the end of the tunnel. You decide the best option is for the parties to agree to a CA and then request the court to incorporate the clawback provisions into a scheduling or protective order. However, you make sure that your participation in drafting the protective order is not interpreted in any manner as a waiver of privilege.

You now turn to the issue of protective orders. You are aware of the recent amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure whereby clawback provisions can be adopted and incorporated into a protective order. Protective orders – often negotiated by the parties and entered by the court on a stipulated basis – have become commonplace prior to producing documents in discovery. In complex commercial litigation, it is not unusual for a court to enter a detailed protective order fleshing out all the contours for production and exchange of information, including inadvertent disclosure of privileged material. Three rules potentially govern the entry of such protective orders: the court can issue a scheduling order under Fed. R. Civ. P16; a protective order under Fed. R. Civ. P26(c); or a discovery management order under Fed. R. Civ. P26(b)(2). You correctly reason that having a CA provision incorporated into a protective order would allow your client to contend in a later proceeding that disclosure of privileged/protected info in the former case was involuntary and pursuant to court order. Where there is a protective order in place, courts have allowed the terms of the protective order to trump existing case law – in some cases, a protective order may operate to change the effect of unforgiving case law.

Of course, being an experienced litigator, you are also aware that the existence of a protective order does not allow a privilege holder to sit on its right to retrieve the privileged document. A cavalier attitude or failure to act promptly to retrieve the document may nullify any CA.

Having researched federal case law on CAs and having found little on this in Michigan, you review your options. You are aware that federal courts have continued to encourage the use of CAs in commercial litigation – more so after the rules were amended. It is highly likely that your court would agree to a proposal of incorporating CA provisions in a protective order to speed up discovery. Without a CA, you are faced with an exhaustive and complete pre-production review of physical and electronically stored documents with privileged material. You know this would be time consuming, expensive, and unrealistic. Even then, prudence mandates that you utilize the safety net of a CA for any inadvertent disclosures. Finally, you distill the essential rulings of the federal courts regarding the CAs, juxtapose them against existing Michigan jurisprudence and come up with three conditions that should protect your inadvertent disclosure from a challenge in your current federal litigation or any future state litigation: (a) the party claiming the privilege took reasonable steps – in view of the volume of data to be reviewed, the time permitted in the scheduling or protective order to do so, and the resources of the producing party; (b) the producing party took reasonable steps to assert promptly the privilege once it learned that some privileged information inadvertently had been disclosed, despite the exercise of reasonable measures to screen for privilege and, importantly; (c) the production had been compelled by court order that was issued after the court’s independent evaluation of the scope of electronic discovery permitted, the reasonableness of the procedures the producing party took to screen privileged material and the amount of time that the court allowed the producing party to spend on production. 

You surmise that a properly drafted CA that has been incorporated into a court order would achieve its goal: unring a bell in case of an inadvertent disclosure. You are now ready to call the General Counsel.

For resources/citations, see this article on our website at lorandoslaw.com

Ashish Joshi
http://www.articlesbase.com/law-articles/clawback-agreements-in-commercial-litigation-can-you-unring-a-bell-747764.html

United We Stand

Almost everyone has heard the phrase or principle that a “house divided will fall”. The problem is not everyone agrees with it and some could care less if the house (name it) does fall. Barack Obama though has the opportunity that no president I know of since John F. Kennedy (yes that also includes Ronald Reagan) to UNITE our nation and even beyond our borders, the world.  <!–more–>

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I said more than a year ago that Obama has the opportunity to bring racial reconciliation to our nation (not that he solves all problems!) and healing internationally (by virtue of his name if nothing else). Don’t hear that I am saying that he will, but that we have a WINDOW- an opportunity in spite of those who spread divisiveness, discord, and outright antagonisms as their daily menu.

Can you say Hannity & Rush?  

“He’s a man of the people,” said Vicki Starcher, who traveled from Norfolk, Virginia, to help set up the temporary store during the inauguration. “I think the difference is with Obama, he has so much of the younger backing, BET … and the hip-hop community,” co-worker Jasmine Robinson chimed in. Ebony said Obama was one of the Top 25 Coolest Brothers of All Time, alongside Tupac Shakur, Muhammad Ali, Jay-Z and Marvin Gaye. I’m not cool with all of those comparisons, but whatever! 

Two days from the White House, President-elect Barack Obama joined a vast throng Sunday at a joyous pre-inauguration celebration staged among marble monuments to past heroes. “Anything is possible in America,” declared the man who will confront economic crisis and two wars when he takes office. Anything is possible!

And within “anything” is a UNITED nation- for however long it lasts, we’ll take it. At least I will.

Ernie Fitzpatrick
http://www.articlesbase.com/politics-articles/united-we-stand-727298.html

Cheney wanted Scooter Libby pardoned: Conservative perspective on this?

I want to know if any conservatives agree with Dick Cheney and why.

Source:

http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/cheney-differs-with-bush-wanted-libby-pardoned/

Note: I will not criticize your politics.

The prison sentence was excessive, but he did not deserve to have his "good" name back. Bush made the right call by commuting and not pardoning.

Strategies for Preparing for a Patent Interference

Strategies For Preparing for an Interference

Table of Contents

I. The Benefits of Timely Recognizing a Potential Interference

Timely recognizing a potential interference allows your client to act before certain legal and business options are foreclosed. Failing to request an interference within one year of the issuance of the target patent bars your client (1) from obtaining an interference and (2) from obtaining patent claims defining substantially the same subject matter as claimed in the patent.1 Failing to request an interference within one year of the publication of an application will under certain circumstances also bar your client from obtaining both an interference and the claims in the published application.2

Applications targeting a patent for an interference that are filed after the issuance of the target patent must make certain showings in the interference by the burden of clear and convincing evidence as opposed to the otherwise generally applicable burden of the preponderance of the evidence.3 Promptly requesting an interference with a target application may result in an interference with the target application as opposed to an interference with a patent issued from the target patent. Dragging the target application into an interference before it can issue into a patent can be advantageous because, normally, no patent will issue from the target application until judicial review of the interference is terminated.5 The duration of the interference and all judicial review can be substantial. Therefore, failing to timely request an interference could result in your client unnecessarily facing a patent instead of an application for the duration of the interference and judicial review of the interference. Furthermore, if your client requests a stay in litigation in which it has been accused of infringement of a patent based upon the existence of an interference involving the patent, it is more likely that the stay will be granted if an interference is procedurally advanced relative to the litigation than vice versa.6 Finally, late recognition of problem patents increases the costs of designing, licensing, or abandoning the market.

For all of the foregoing reasons, early recognition of the potential for an interference can be advantageous. Conversely, preventing a competitor from timely identifying your client’s patent applications increases the value of your client’s patent portfolio. I focus in this paper on practices you can employ to identify relevant patent information, such as potential interferences, to prevent competitors from identifying your client’s patent information, and to explain what you can or should do when you identify a potential interference.

II. Obtain and Use Competitive Intelligence

Your client will never know a patent problem exists (until it is too late) unless it is obtaining competitive intelligence. Each company should employ a procedure to obtain competitive intelligence. Most companies set up an information “watch,” which is a periodic retrieval of targeted information, as part of this procedure.

There are numerous commercial databases containing relevant patent and non-patent information. Table 1 (see section VIII) lists some of the more popular commercial database sources, and it lists pros and cons of each vendor’s services.7 As Table 1 shows, no one vendor supplies all potentially useful sources of competitive intelligence. Therefore, a good policy is to use a plurality of database vendors to gather relevant information for analysis.

If a company does not have an in-house information specialist, it may be cost effective and more reliable for it to contract with a consulting information specialist instead of attempting to internally implement a watch. This is because a suitable “watch” may involve retrieving data from multiple data vendors, and the watch may need to be tweaked from time to time to provide desired information. Moreover, it may be desirable to conduct non-automated database searches for certain information. Information specialist organizations include the Association of Independent Information Professionals (AIIP), the Society for Competitive Intelligence (SCIP), the Special Libraries Association (SLA), and the Patent Information User’s Group (PIUG).8

One source of patent competitive intelligence is disclosures by or to your client, typically in connection with offers to sell IP, settlement or merger negotiations, or duties pursuant to a joint venture. Consider including in the underlying agreement terms defining the rights to pursue inter partes administrative actions, such as interferences. Likewise, be aware of the possibility of requesting administrative action, such as interferences, if your agreement permits (or does not expressly exclude) them.

III. Patent Procedures Relating to Competitive Intelligence

In this section, I list procedures to employ for (1) limiting or delaying access to your client’s patent or confidential information and (2) obtaining access to information about patent applications of others.

A. Limit Access to Your Client’s Applications

If there is information that you feel obliged to submit in a 35 USC 111(a) patent application, a reissue patent application, or a reexamination, and you want that information to remain confidential, consider filing the information pursuant to MPEP section 724 concurrently with a rule 37 CFR 1.59 petition to have the information expunged if the information is found to be not important to patentability. If you file such a petition, the confidential information will not be made available to the public and will be returned to the applicant if an examiner determines that the information is not “important to a reasonable examiner in deciding whether to allow the application to issue as a patent.”9

Second, anyone can access the file of an abandoned unpublished United States patent application if the application is referred to anywhere in the file history (not just when it is referred to in the specification) of an issued patent.10 Why is this important? Partially because of the duty to disclose “Information Relating to or From Copending United States Patent Applications,”11 such as information “[f]or “different applications pending in which similar subject matter but [arguably] patentably indistinct claims are present.”12 Accordingly, it is a common practice to file IDSs containing copending application statements. These statements may include the specification, figures, claims, or merely the serial numbers of the related applications. Keep in mind that the claims are potentially material vis-a-vis a double patenting determination. In any case, that practice can eventually enable an adverse party to access the file histories of the cited applications – - even if those applications are subsequently abandoned. In addition, for reexaminations and reissue applications, that practice provides your client’s competitors potentially damaging information. Therefore, you may want to file a 37 CFR 1.59 petition along with each copending application statement.

B Obtain Information Regarding Competitor’s Patent Applications

If you are interested in whether there are any pending applications related to either a published United States application or an issued United States patent, simply look on the continuity link for parent and child data in PAIR, or telephone or fax your request for that information to the USPTO.13 Continuity and status information is extremely useful in targeting patent applications for an interference or a public protest.

In certain instances, an application priority to which is claimed in a PCT publication is not readily available from the USPTO. In those instances, be aware that copies of the priority applications may be obtained directly, promptly, and inexpensively from the International Bureau in Zurich.

You can request status information from the USPTO to determine whether a 371 application has been filed based upon a published PCT application by sending a request for status information to the PCT Legal Office either by mail or by facsimile to 703-308-6459, including a cover of the published PCT application, and a letter requesting status. The PCT Legal office will then mail you a letter providing status, including the US serial number, if one exists.14

Finally, you can now order from the USPTO a copy of any paper cited in the PAIR file for a published application.15

IV. The Law Relevant to Requesting an Interference

Deciding what action, if any, to take when you identify a potential interference requires knowing the relevant law. The relevant law includes inter alia 35 USC 102(g), 35 USC 135(a), 35 USC 135(b), 37 CFR 1.604, 37 CFR 1.607, 1.608, and 1.617, 1.658(c) and related interference estoppel, and 37 CFR 1.657. 35 USC 102(g) defines the circumstances in which secret inventions are prior art. 135(a) defines what constitutes interfering subject matter. 135(b) defines a patentability and interference bar. Rules 604 and 607 define the requirements for an applicant to copy claims and request an interference. Rule 608 defines the showing an applicant must make prior to the interference to convince the examiner to recommend the interference.16 Rule 617 defines the degree of proof required in an applicant’s 608(b) showings necessary to avoid losing the interference when it is declared. 37 CFR 1.657 defines who has the burden of proof on priority.

I briefly review this law below and provide practice advice interspersed with the review. However, note that you are obliged to notify the examiner when you present claims substantially similar or copied from a target patent or application that you are doing so, and failure to do so is a sanctionable act of misconduct.17 Merely citing the target application or patent in an IDS is not sufficient to satisfy this obligation.

A. 35 USC 102(g)(1) – Procedural Limitations on Secret Prior Art

35 USC 102(g)(1) defines inventive activity that occurred abroad to be prior art only in an interference.18 In contrast, 35 USC 102(g)(2) defines inventive activity that occurred in the United States to be prior art without limit to the type of action.19 As a consequence, a company’s inventive activity that occurred abroad will not provide a 102(g) prior art invalidity defense to a charge of infringement of a patent. It follows that foreign company’s have a greater incentive than domestic companies to request interferences, since that action is more likely to be the foreign company’s only recourse to avoid liability for patent infringement.

B. 35 USC 135(a) – Criteria for an Interference

35 USC 135(a) states that an “application … which, in the opinion of the Director, would interfere with any pending application, or with any unexpired patent…” may be the basis of an interference. In other words, the statutory language leaves the criteria for what constitutes interference at the complete discretion of the Director. The Director’s discretion is circumscribed by 37 CFR 1.601(j) and (n), which define an “interference-in-fact” based upon a “same patentable invention” test. A literal reading of those rules would indicate that the test for interfering subject matter is the same as the usual test for obviousness-type double patenting; a one-way obviousness test. However, in Winter v. Fujita,20 an expanded panel of the Board held that interference-in-fact required a “two-way patentability analysis,” stating that:

Resolution of an interference-in-fact issue involves a two-way patentability analysis. The claimed invention of Party A is presumed to be prior art vis-a-vis Part B and vice versa. The claimed invention of Party A must anticipate or render obvious the claimed invention of Part B and the claimed invention of Party B must anticipate or render obvious the claimed invention of Party A. When the two-way analysis is applied, then regardless of who ultimately prevails on the issue of priority, the Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) assures itself that it will not issue two patents to the same patentable invention.

Winter still leaves some wiggle room as to when there exists interfering subject matter since a “two-way patentability analysis” does not specify that there must be two-ways obviousness between the claimed inventions. However, my current understanding from the case law and the guidance provided by members of the Trial Section21 of the Board at various bar meetings is that an interference would require two-ways obviousness between the parties’ claims, except in unusual circumstances. However, one important point to note is that a claim in an application to a species of a genus may be insufficient to provoke an interference with a claim in a target application or patent to the genus.22

C. 35 USC 135(b) – The Statutory Bar

35 US 135(b)23 provides a “triple whammy.”

First, it precludes untimely attempts to provoke an interference.

Second, it precludes getting a patent on claims defining substantially the same subject matter as claims in an issued patent or published US application that are not timely presented.

Third, since the 135(b) “substantially the same subject matter” criteria may be narrow than the135(a) “same patentable invention” criteria, anomalous situations may occur where 35 USC 135(b) may bar an interference even when claims that were timely presented met the 35 USC 135(a) criteria. As a result, the applicant requesting the interference (1) may be barred from the interference and (2) barred from getting a patent even when there is no 135(b) bar. This is because 37 CFR 1.131 does not allow antedating a patent or published application for claims that define the “same patentable invention”24 as the claims in the patent or published application.

35 USC 135(b)(2) presents special problems since it bars late presented claims to “an application published under section 122(b) of this title,” and 35 USC 374 accords to published PCT applications the same force and effect as published US application, except for 102(e) and 154(d).25 The special problem arises in that not all PCT applications are published in English, but all PCT publications may serve as the basis for a 135(b)(2) bar. Accordingly, it may be difficult to identify a claim in a foreign language (e.g., Japanese, German, or French) published PCT application defining subject matter that would be a problem for your client, and just as difficult to determine whether your client’s applications have support to copy those claims. However, if you can identify potentially relevant PCT published applications, you can address this problem by obtaining an automated English translation of at least the claims using free web services, such as those linked on my firm’s web site at: http://www.neifeld.com/autotrans.html

The terms of 135(b)(2) limit the bar based upon published applications (including PCT application) to claims presented in applications filed after the publication date of the published application. Thus, there is no time bar on copying claims in an application that was pending when the potentially interfering application was published. 35 USC 374 would imply that no 135(b)(2) bar would exist to claims filed in your client’s own PCT application when your client’s own PCT application was filed prior to the publication date of the target application. However, in my opinion, the USPTO has not clearly defined whether it considers claims in a PCT application in the international stage to be “pending.” Accordingly, your client should not rely upon “pending” claims in its own PCT application to satisfy 135(b)(2), unless that application has been nationalized in accordance with 35 USC 371.

D. 37 CFR 1.604, 1.607, 1.608, and 1.617, and Requesting an Interference

Rules 604 and 607 specify what you need to show to get into an interference.

37 CFR 1.604(a) specifies the requirements for requesting an interference with a pending application, which are: (1) suggesting a proposed count, (2) presenting at least one claim corresponding to the proposed count or identifying at least one claim in its application that corresponds to the proposed count, (3) identifying the other application and, if known, a claim in the other application which corresponds to the proposed count, and (4) explaining why an interference should be declared. 37 CFR 1.606 is useful in understanding item (4). Rule 606 states that before “an interference is declared between an application and an unexpired patent, an examiner must determine that there is interfering subject matter claimed in the application and the patent which is patentable to the applicant subject to a judgment in the interference.” Thus, the explanation why an interference should be declared should at least allege that the claims in the application are patentable to the applicant, but for the potential interference.

37 CFR 1.607(a) specifies the requirements for requesting an interference with an issued patent. These requirements are the following: (1) identifying the patent, (2) presenting a proposed count, (3) identifying at least one claim in the patent corresponding to the proposed count, (4) presenting at least one claim corresponding to the proposed count or identifying at least one claim already pending in its application that corresponds to the proposed count, (5) if any claim of the patent or application identified as corresponding to the proposed count does not correspond exactly to the proposed count, explaining why each such claim corresponds to the proposed count, (6) applying the terms of any application claim identified as corresponding to the count, and not previously in the application to the disclosure of the application, and (7) explaining how the requirements of 35 U.S.C. 135(b) are met if the claim presented or identified in your client’s application as interfering were not present in the application until more than one year after the issue date of the patent.

37 CFR 1.608(a) applies when the effective filing date of an applicant requesting an interference with a patent is later than the effective filing date of the target patent by no more than three months. Rule 608(a) requires the requestor to file a statement alleging that there is a basis upon which the applicant is entitled to a judgment relative to the patentee. Since the allegation is usually based upon priority, you must conduct a priority investigation to make this statement.

37 CFR 1.608(b) applies when the effective filing date of an application in which an applicant requesting an interference with a patent is later than the effective filing date of the target patent by more than three months. Rule 608(b) requires the applicant requesting the interference to submit evidence and explanations demonstrating that applicant’s application is prima facie entitled to a judgment relative to the patent. However, rule 608(b) states that “the examiner will consider the evidence and explanation only to the extent of determining whether a basis upon which the application would be entitled to a judgment relative to the patentee is alleged and, if a basis is alleged, an interference may be declared,” whereas 37 CFR 1.617(a) states that the APJ will review the evidence filed in connection with rule 608(b), and, if the APJ determines that the “evidence fails to show that the applicant is prima facie entitled to a judgment relative to the patentee, the administrative patent judge shall, concurrently with the notice declaring the interference, enter an order stating the reasons for the opinion and directing the applicant, within a time set in the order, to show cause why summary judgment should not be entered against the applicant.” 37 CFR 1.617(b) also states that “additional evidence shall not be presented by the applicant or considered by the Board” in response the show cause order. In other words, if the applicant’s interference request alleges but does not make a prima facie case for a date of invention prior to the effective filing date of the target patent, the applicant will not be able to supplement that evidence and will be faced with a show cause order, most likely resulting in swift judgement against the applicant.26 Accordingly, whenever a 608(b) showing is required, it is essential that the showing be sufficient so that the applicant is prima facie entitled to judgement relative to the patentee.

E. 37 CFR 1.658(c) Estoppel, Interference Estoppel, and Issue Preclusion

1. In the USPTO

37 CFR 1.658(c) defines the estoppel effect in the USPTO with respect to all issues that were or could have been raised in the interference.27 This includes estoppel with respect to claims defining patentably indistinguishable inventions from a count,28 and to claims to subject matter commonly disclosed (whether or not claimed) in any applications involved in the interference.29

2. In Subsequent Litigation

Issues decided in an interference proceeding may be accorded issue preclusion effect in subsequent litigation. The burden of proof on most issues in an interference proceeding is preponderance of the evidence.30 The corresponding burden in infringement litigation is clear and convincing evidence. In all cases, the burden of proof in the interference proceeding is no higher than the burden of proof in infringement litigation. Therefore, the decisions on issues actually litigated in the interference proceeding should be granted issue preclusion effect in subsequent infringement litigation.31

F. 37 CFR 1.657 – Burden of Proof on Priority

37 CFR 1.657 defines the burden of proof as to date of invention to be on the party with the later effective filing date, and that the burden increases from preponderance of the evidence to clear and convincing evidence if the effective filing date of the application is after the effective filing date of the target patent, and that burden does not shift based upon submission of priority evidence.32

V. File Early

If your competitive intelligence is lucky enough to identify that your client’s competitor is about to file a patent application on contested technology, or obtain a patent on that technology, your client should file immediately. As just shown, the burden of proof on priority depends solely upon effective filing and issue dates, and pointedly does not depend upon evidence of inventive activity.

VI. Respond to Published United States or PCT Applications

Assume your client identifies a published United States or PCT application (1) which designates the United States and (2) the claims of which cover or relate to your client’s technology. Your client should first consider preserving its rights in view of 35 USC 135(b)(2).

135(b)(2) will bar your client from presenting claims to substantially the same subject matter as claimed in a published application when your client files such claims (1) more than one year after publication and (2) in any application filed after the date of the publication. Therefore, your client should consider either copying claims from the published application in a previously filed 35 USC 111(a) or 35 USC 371 application or filing a new application and copying the claims in the newly filed application. Your client should copy exactly the same claims as in the published application (to the extent possible based upon support in your client’s application’s specification) to ensure compliance with 135(b). In addition, your client can present additional claims modeled after the published claims which exclude limitations for which your client arguably does not have support in their specification, exclude limitations for which your client arguably does not have an early priority date, and correct indefiniteness problems. This approach provides the best possible chance for your client meeting the 135(b) bar and also obtaining allowable claims that are also interfering with the target claims.

Keep in mind that you are obliged to notify the Office of the target application and the fact that you are copying claims from it, even if the target application is a PCT application in the international stage. This is because 37 CFR 1.604(b) states that you must notify the Office when you present a claim that you know “define[s] the same patentable invention claimed in a pending application for all purposes except 102(e) and 154(b), pursuant to 35 USC 374. Therefore, the requirement to notify the Office when copying claims from an application specified in 37 CFR 1.604(b) applies to copying of claims in a PCT application in the international stage.

Moreover, if your client files a new application for use as a vehicle for interference with a national stage or continuation of the published PCT application, consider filing a non-publication request, and an IDS identifying your client’s applications disclosing or claiming similar subject matter, and a 37 CFR 1.59 petition to expunge the IDS information. Similarly, your client should consider filing IDSs in the cited applications identifying the new application along with petitions to expunge in those applications.

Note that your client’s opponent in the interference will have access to the file history of your client’s involved application and all applications to which it claims priority. Therefore, even a non-publication request in your client’s involved application will not immunize information regarding your client’s similar applications identified in an IDS from eventual discovery.

It is extremely unlikely that the USPTO would declare an interference involving claims in a PCT application.34 Therefore, even though your client may promptly copy claims into their application, it makes little sense to present a complete 37 CFR 1.604 request at that time. You should file the 604 request in your client’s application when there is a 35 USC 371 national stage (or 35 USC 111(a) continuation) of the target PCT application, since you can then identify in your client’s interference request the United States serial number of the target application. A 371 application will be published several months after it is on file in the USPTO. However, as a third party, you can periodically request status information from the USPTO based upon the publication of a PCT application to determine whether a corresponding 371 application has been filed in order to identify the serial number of the 371 application prior to its publication. That will allow you to more promptly request an interference.

You should promptly file an interference request targeting the published United States 35 USC 111(a) or 371 application because it takes most interference requests roughly two years to mature into interferences.35 Prompt filing increases the chances that an interference request will be considered and an interference declared prior to issuance of the target application into a patent. Moreover, you should periodically check for papers filed in the target application using PAIR, obtain copies of paper filed in it, copy into your application any additional or amended claims presented in the 371 application to which your client believes it has a right, and update your 604 request accordingly.

When you file an interference request targeting a competitor’s application or patent, consider filing a paper in the style of a public protest in each of the applications related to the target application or patent pointing out that the subject application is related to the target application or patent, and should be examined in view of that fact relationship.36 That may bring the existence of the interference request to the attention of the examiners of the related applications, and enable those examiner to consider the impact of the interference request on the subject application. This action may result in the related applications being included in the interference, having prosecution in them stayed until the interference is terminated, or at least receiving a heightened level of examination.37 However, you are also obliged to serve a copy of any public protest on the attorney for the target application, 38 thereby notifying the adverse party of your interference request. You will have to weigh benefits and drawbacks of this procedure in each situation.

VII. Consider Splitting Subject Matter Between Applications in View of Temporal Delays and Interference Estoppel

Your client needs to take into consideration the potential time line, outcome, consequences of the outcome, and cost when deciding what action to take in view of a potential interference. Based upon these considerations, your client can make a reasoned decision (1) whether to attempt to provoke an interference and (2) whether to also attempt to promptly obtain issued patents on closely related but arguably non-interfering subject matter. The important point is to identify these issues prior to taking action and to weigh the benefits and drawbacks before deciding to act.

Keep in mind that the motivation for filing most interference requests is that the existence of another’s exclusive right to the target claims is unacceptable from a business perspective. Therefore, the most important goal of most of the parties requesting interferences is to obtain cancellation of the other party’s claims.

A. Probable Time Line for an Interference

Most probably, an interference request will result in an interference in roughly two years after the date the request for the interference is filed. Most probably, the interference proceeding in the USPTO will take about two years. Most probably, any 35 USC 146 action following the interference will take about two years. Most probably, any 35 USC 141 appeal will take about a year. Therefore, any hard fought interference and its judicial review may take on the order of five years. Most probably, post interference prosecution and issuance of a prevailing applicant’s application will take about a year.

B. Predicting the Outcome and Consequences of the Outcome

Predicting the outcome of an interference depends upon the known facts of the case (e.g., your priority evidence and known prior art) and guesses as to unknown facts (e.g., your opponent’s priority evidence and unknown prior art). Thus, any such prediction and the confidence level of the prediction depend upon the facts of the case.

1. Consequences of Losing the Interference

If your client “loses”39 the interference, it may end up with no patent, and 37 CFR 1.658(c) may bar it from any claims to any subject matter disclosed or obvious in view of the disclosure of the other applications (or patents) involved in the interference. In contrast, if your client does not provoke an interference, it may obtain claims dominating or subservient to the claims of the target application or patent, and these may be claims that your client would be precluded from obtaining if it pursued an interference. Theoretically, that should not happen since, theoretically, your client and the owner of the target application or patent should be entitled to the same claims in any case. However, interferences adduce additional evidence than exists in ex parte prosecution, decisions of the APJs on patentability and the scope of interfering subject matter may differ from those of ex parte examiners, and failure to either raise certain issues or carry the burden of proof on certain issues in an interference may all result in different outcomes in interferences than in corresponding ex parte prosecution.

2. Consequences of Prevailing in the Interference

If your client prevails in the interference, (1) corresponding claims in the opponent’s application or patent will be canceled, and your client’s application will be entitled to an amount of term extension40 unless term is limited by a terminal disclaimer. In addition, issue preclusion may apply in a follow on infringement litigation by your client on its patent issuing from its application involved in the interference against the other party in the interference.

If your client has previously obtained patents with claims to closely related subject matter, you may be forced to file in your client’s interference application a terminal disclaimer to moot a double patenting rejection, thereby losing any potential term extension that may be afforded by the AIPA due to the duration of the interference and subsequent judicial review. This is a factor to weigh when considering prosecution of related applications. In this regard, also keep in mind your rule 56 duty to provide information from the interference to the examiner examining any relevant application, whether you win or lose the interference.41

C. Costs of an Interference

Most interferences cost several hundred thousand dollars to litigate; roughly ten percent of the cost of a patent infringement litigation. Interferences are procedurally complex, usually requiring the interplay of priority and patentability issues respecting both parties’ claims. However, interferences allow much more limited discovery than district court infringement litigation, they do not deal with issues of infringement or damages, and therefore they cost less than infringement litigation.

VIII. Count Formulation for an Interference Request

The vast majority of interference proceedings terminate prior to a decision on priority. However, priority is the ultimate issue, and the reasons why interferences terminate are logically related and dependent upon priority. For example, a decision on motions that a party lacks support for its involved claims will result in termination of the interference via a judgement against that party. However, lack of support implies that the party does not have priority for the subject matter defined by the count. Likewise, parties settle or concede based upon factors including the likelihood of prevailing on priority. Therefore, priority is an issue you should be concerned with when requesting an interference.

Priority in an interference is awarded on a count by count basis. The party losing priority with respect to a count will not be entitled to claims corresponding to that count, which are all claims that define the same patentable invention as the count. Claims corresponding to the count are supposed to define obvious variations of the subject matter defined by the count. The count is supposed to define subject matter that is non-obvious over the of the prior art. The count is an artificial legal construct defined by the APJ at the beginning of the interference in the declaration of the interference. However, interference requests must include a propose count or counts. Often, the proposed counts are the same as the counts defined in the declaration of the interference.

Moreover, a party requesting (via motion) in the interference proceeding that the count be change has the burden of the preponderance of the evidence to explain why the count should be changed. The majority of motions in interferences are denied. Therefore, it is statistically unlikely that the count will be changed via a motion in an interference. Therefore, your client has the possibility of influencing the outcome of the interference by what count or counts it proposes in its request for an interference, and what claims it presents prior to the interference.

The logical procedure to follow to propose a count is to determine your client’s relevant priority information, obtain what priority information you can regarding the target application, such as the disclosure of any applications to which the target application claims priority, relevant press releases on the target company’s products, publications of the named inventors, and information on the employment histories of the named inventors, and propose a count (1) that you believe to be non-obvious over the prior art and (2) that provides the highest probability that your client will have priority over the other party’s priority for the subject matter defined by that count.

In addition, you should present in the interference request claims identical (or as close as possible given the limitation of support in your client’s application) to the proposed count. This is at least because the existence of such claims may preclude an argument by your opponent in the interference why the count should be changed.

IX. Table 1 – Comparison of Data Sources

Database sources for competitive intelligence is available at http://www.neifeld.com/strategies_020827.pdf. All of the database vendors noted in this chart provide fee based services. Most of the Internet sites are free, but some require registration or subscription. Table 1 is courtesy of Martin Goffman Associates.

FOOTNOTES

1 135 USC 135(b)(1)(“A claim which is the same as, or for the same or substantially the same subject matter as, a claim of an issued patent may not be made in any application unless such a claim is made prior to one year from the date on which the patent was granted.”); and In re McGrew, ___ F.3d ___, ___, 43 USPQ2d 1642, 1635 (Fed. Cir 1997)(Rich J.)(“The application of section 135(b) is not limited to inter partes interference proceedings but may be used, in accordance with its literal terms, as a basis for ex parte rejections.”).

2 35 USC 135(b)(2)(“A claim which is the same as, or for the same or substantially the same subject matter as, a claim of an application published under section 122(b) of this title may be made in an application filed after the application is published only if the claim is made before 1 year after the date on which the application is published.”). You can file copied claims in your application at any time if your application was pending when the target application was published.

3 Bamberger v. Cheruvu, 55 USPQ2d 1523, 1526 (PTOBPAI 1998)(“We recognize that when an application is filed after a patent issues, that [sic] the applicant must prove priority by clear and convincing evidence. Price v. Symsek, 988 F.2d 1187, 26 USPQ2d 1031 (Fed. Cir. 1993). In the interference before us, the Bamberger application was copending with the application which matured into the Cheruvu patent. We leave for another case the determination of whether unpatentability should be based on clear and convincing evidence in those interferences where the junior party application was filed after the senior party patent issued.”). Issues of derivation and fraud always require proof by clear and convincing evidence. See Price v. Symsek, 988 F.2d 1187, ___, 26 USPQ2d 1031, 1033-34 (Fed. Cir. 1993) as to derivation and Litton Sys., Inc. v. Honeywell, Inc., 87 F.3d 1559, 1570, 39 USPQ2D 1321, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 1996), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 117 S. Ct. 1240 (1997) as to fraud.

4 I polled the members of the Interference Committee of the AIPLA to determine the average delay between requesting an interference and declaration of the interference. The average delay was about two years. See Neifeld, “Report of the January 2002 meeting of the Interference Committee of the AIPLA,” published in the AIPLA Quarterly Bulletin and available at http://www.neifeld.com/advidx.html.

5 Cf. Lin v. Fritsch,14 USPQ2d 1795, 1798 (Comm’r 1989)(“The normal practice of PTO is not to issue patents based on applications involved in an ongoing interference. The interference rules authorize petitions to the Commissioner in interference cases for the purpose of seeking a waiver of a rule of practice. 37 CFR §1.644(a)(3) [Rule 644]. Inasmuch as Rule 644 is not inconsistent with law, it has the force and effect of law. In re Rubinfield, 270 F.2d 391, 123 USPQ 210 (CCPA 1959), cert. denied, 362 U.S. 903 [ 124 USPQ 535 ] (1960). Rule 644 gives the Commissioner jurisdiction to reach the merits of Lin’s petition.”).

6 Whether or not a court grants a stay requested based upon the existence of an interference depends on various factors including how advanced the litigation is relative to the interference, the number of issues that will not be resolved by a decision in the interference, and the hardship to the non-moving party. See Chiron Corp. v. Abbott Labs., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 317, *8-9 (N.D.Cal. 1996)(advanced litigation); General Foods Corp. v. Struthers Scientific and Int’l. Corp., 309 F.Supp. 161, 161-2 (D. Del. 1970)(advanced litigation and several other patents in suit); Research Corp. v. Radio Corp. of America, 181 F.Supp. 709, (D. Del. 1960)(advanced interference); Sanwa Foods, Inc., v. Wenger Mfg., Inc., 18 USPQ2d 1493 (D. Kan. 1990)(interference so advanced decision expected prior to trial deemed grounds to deny request for stay); NL Chemicals, Inc. v. Southern Clay Prods., Inc., 14 USPQ2d 1561 (D.D.C. 1989)(stay granted where the PTO interference encompassed all of the issues in the district court action); R.E. Phelon Co., Inc. v. Wabash, Inc., 640 F.Supp. 1383, 1385 (N.D. Ind. 1986)(stay granted where both parties joined in the request for the stay).

7 Courtesy of Martin Goffman, Ph.D., Goffman & Associates. I use Goffman & Associates for most of my proprietary database information needs. See www.Goffman.com.

8 See www.aiip.org for the AIIP. The AIIP is directed to general information. See www.scip.org for the SCIP. See www.sla.org for the SLA. See www.piug.org for the PIUG. The PIUG is directed to patent information.

9 MPEP section 724.04, August 2001, page 700-250.

10 See http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/dapp/opla/frule/supq&a.pdf Q&A 85 on page 24, and see form PTO/SB68, at http://www.uspto.gov/web/forms/sb0068.pdf and specifically section 1.B.

11 MPEP section 2001.06(b).

12 MPEP section 2001.06(b), page 2000-5, August 2001; interpolation supplied.

13 USPTO FILE INFORMATION UNIT, Crystal Plaza 3, Tel: 703-308-2733; Fax: 703-305-6067.

14According to Examiner Leonard Smith, PCT Legal Office, USPTO.

15 See https://www3.uspto.gov/vision-service/Product_Services_P/msgProductFees.

16 Interferences are declared by an Administrative Patent Judge (APJ), not by the examiner. 37 CFR 1.610)a).

17 See 37 CFR 10.23(c)(7) and Bovard v. Respondent, Office of Enrollment and Discipline (“OED”) Proceeding D96-01 (Commissioner’s Decision, August 27, 1997).For a description of ethical duties in interferences, see Neifeld, “A Practitioner’s View of Ethical Considerations Before the Board in Interferences,” September 2002, available at http://www.neifeld.com/advidx.html

18 35 USC 102(g)(1) reads:

during the course of an interference conducted under section 135 or section 291, another inventor involved therein establishes, to the extent permitted in section 104, that before such person’s invention thereof the invention was made by such other inventor and not abandoned, suppressed, or concealed….

19 35 USC 102(g)(2) reads:

before such person’s invention thereof, the invention was made in this country by another inventor who had not abandoned, suppressed, or concealed it.

20 53 USPQ2d 1234 (PTOBPAI 1999)(expanded panel consisting of Stoner, Chief Administrative Patent Judge, McKelvey, Senior Administrative Patent Judge, and Schafer, Lee, and Torczon, trial section administrative patent judges)(opinion by SAPJ McKelvey).

21 The Trial Section of the Board is a section of the Interference Division of the Board. The Trial Section includes about eight APJs. The APJs of the Trial Section have declared, presided over, and decided most of the interference proceedings since inception of the Trial Section in 1998.

22 For a discussion of this issue see Neifeld, “The Standard for the Existence of an Interference” 83 JPTOS 275 (April 2001), also available athttp://www.neifeld.com/advidx.html.

23 35 USC 135(b) reads:

(b)(1)A claim which is the same as, or for the same or substantially the same subject matter as, a claim of an issued patent may not be made in any application unless such a claim is made prior to one year from the date on which the patent was granted.

(2) A claim which is the same as, or for the same or substantially the same subject matter as, a claim of an application published under section 122(b) of this title may be made in an application filed after the application is published only if the claim is made before 1 year after the date on which the application is published.

24 However, see In re Eickmeyer, 202 USPQ 655, 661, 602 F.2d 974, 980 (CCPA 1979)(“At the same time, we do not regard the opposite result (proposed here by the PTO) to be justifiable, namely: leaving an applicant in a position where he cannot overcome a reference by a 131 affidavit because the PTO has decided that the reference claims his invention, while, at the same time, he is denied an interference because the PTO has decided that the claims of his application and those of the reference are not for substantially the same invention.”)

2535 USC 374 reads:

The publication under the treaty defined in section 351(a) of this title, of an international application designating the United States shall confer the same rights and shall have the same effect under this title as an application for patent published under section 122(b), except as provided in sections 102(e) and 154(d) of this title.

26 See Basmadjian v. Landry, Interference No. 103,694, paper No. 22, pp 57-58 http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/dcom/bpai/prec.htm (PTOBPAI 1997) (precedential to the Board) (Judgement entered against Basmadjian because Basmadjian’s 608(b) showings did not prima facie establish diligence; additional evidence submitted by Basmadjian’s in response to the show cause order was not considered since Basmadjian did not show good cause why the additional evidence was not submitted with 608(b) showings.).

27 37 CFR 1.658(c) reads:

c) A judgment in an interference settles all issues which (1) were raised and decided in the interference, (2) could have been properly raised and decided in the interference by a motion under § 1.633 (a) through (d) and (f) through (j) or § 1.634, and (3) could have been properly raised and decided in an additional interference with a motion under § 1.633(e). A losing party who could have properly moved, but failed to move, under § 1.633 or 1.634, shall be estopped to take ex parte or inter partes action in the Patent and Trademark Office after the interference which is inconsistent with that party’s failure to properly move, except that a losing party shall not be estopped with respect to any claims which correspond, or properly could have corresponded, to a count as to which that party was awarded a favorable judgment.

28 In re Deckler, 977 F.2d 1449, 1452, 24 USPQ2d 1448, 1450 (Fed. Cir. 1992)(the judgement in the interference may be used as a basis to subsequently reject claims of the losing party to the same patentable invention as the count).

29 49 Fed. Reg. 48440 second column lines 25-61; In re Shirmer, 69 F.2d 556, 558, 21 USPQ 161, 163 (CCPA 1934); and Avery v. Chase, 101 F.2d 204, 40 USPQ 343 (CCPA 1939), cert. den’d, 307 U.S. 638 (1939); and 37 CFR 1.633(e).

30 Bruning v. Hirose, 161 F.3d 681, ___, 48 USPQ2d 1934, 1938 (Fed. Cir. 1998)(“Accordingly, this court holds that, during an interference involving a patent issued from an application that was copending with the interfering application, the appropriate standard of proof for validity challenges is the preponderance of the evidence standard.”); Brown v. Barbacid, 276 F.3d 1327, 1333, 61 USPQ2d 1236, ___ (Fed. Cir. 2002)(“Specifically, this court (or the Board on remand, as the case may be) must determine, based on the entire evidentiary record, whether Barbacid ultimately prevailed in proving priority by a preponderance of evidence.”).

31 Section 27 of the Restatement of Judgements (second) states the general rule of issue preclusion, which is that: When an issue of fact or law is actually litigated and determined by a valid and final judgment, and the determination is essential to the judgment, the determination is conclusive in a subsequent action between the parties, whether on the same or a different claim.

32 Brown v. Barbacid, 276 F.3d 1327, 1333, 61 USPQ2d 1236, ___ (Fed. Cir. 2002).(“In sum, under 37 C.F.R. § 1.657(a) and (b), the ultimate burden of proof always remained on the

junior party, Barbacid. Thus, the Board erred in stating that the burden of proof shifted to Brown at any point in this case.”)

33 There is no authoritative legal opinion on this issue. However, a PCT application may form the basis for a rejection of a claim as specified in 102(e), and possible based upon 102(g). See the discussion of the purpose for an interference and why applications qualify as prior art under 102(g) in Neifeld, “Viability of the Hilmer Doctrine” 81 JPTOS 544 (July 1999) and Neifeld, “Viability of the Hilmer Doctrine” 81 JPTOS 544 (July 1999), respectively, both available at http://www.neifeld.com/advidx.html.

34 It appears that the Board would have jurisdiction over a PCT application in an interference via application of the terms of 35 USC 374 to 35 USC 135(a), but I know of no such interference.

35 See “Report of the January 2002 meeting of the Interference Committee of the AIPLA” published in the AIPLA Quarterly Bulletin, available at http://www.neifeld.com/advidx.html.

36 37 CFR 1.291 specifies the rules for public protests. A protest filed after the date of publication of an application will not be entered into the applications 37 CFR 1.291(a)(1). However, the existence of the interference issue should still be noted by the examiner.

37 MPEP 2315.01 first paragraph states that:

Where one of several applications of the same inventor or assignee which contain overlapping claims gets into an interference, the prosecution of all the cases not in the interference should be carried as far as possible, by treating as prior art the counts of the interference for the purpose of making provisional rejections and by insisting on proper lines of division or distinction between the applications. In some instances, suspension of action by the Office cannot be avoided. See MPEP § 709.01.

38 37 CFR 1.291(a)(2).

39 The concepts of winning and losing depend upon the goals of the parties in the interference. However, in this context, winning and losing refer to the effect on a claim by claim basis of the final decision or judgement in the interference. See 35 USC 135(a).

40 The pre-AIPA law provides for up to five years of interference term extension, and the AIPA provides for day for day term extension. See 35 USC 154.

41 See Eli Lilly v. Cameron, Interference No. 104,104, paper No. 18 (PTOBPAI 2001) (non-precedential) (adverse judgement that “is material to the patentability with respect to pending claims in other applications under consideration before” the Office falls within the rule 56 duty not withstanding Lilly’s characterization of request for entry of adverse judgement as not an admission).

Richard A. Neifeld
http://www.articlesbase.com/patents-articles/strategies-for-preparing-for-a-patent-interference-136697.html

What Every Employer Really Wants

While different employers have vastly different needs in functional areas, there are many employer qualities which virtually every employer wants, regardless of the job the employee will perform.

One employer needs an engineer with special training in strength of materials. Another needs a psychology major with a solid background in social work. A third is looking for a financial analyst who’s a whiz with statistics. But all three are looking for candidates who will become highly motivated, responsible employees. They want people who have drive, energy, confidence, integrity, pride and dedication. People who know how to listen, who understand the importance of turning a profit, who can follow instructions meticulously, and who know how to save time and money.

Above all they choose candidates for their enthusiasm and their strength of character. If you truly shine in both of these areas, most employers will be willing to forgive many weaknesses in background, education or experience.

Enthusiasm: An eagerness for the challenge at hand. A positive view of the world. The perception of problems as opportunities for gain and improvement. The belief that the work will be exciting and rewarding, and that the organization will certainly achieve its goals.

Strength of character: Stability. Dependability. Commitment to do what’s right. Avoidance of what’s trivial and petty. Willingness to get the job done, whatever effort is required. Concern for maintaining reputation. High standards. Leadership stature.

This isn’t a sermon. It’s simply a description of what impresses most employers.

It’s also important to note that employers are conservative. Whatever their politics and personal values, employers are rather predictably conservative when it comes to their businesses. In their heart of hearts, they really want rock-solid, squeaky clean people joining their staffs. That doesn’t mean there are no openings for off-the-wall personalities, free spirits or outspoken reformers. There are. But they’re not the easiest jobs to find, because there aren’t that many bosses willing to gamble their businesses on employees others might find offensive—or odd.

When the chips are down, most employers can be counted upon to play it safe. If you want to be a contender for the biggest portion of the best available jobs, don’t stray too far from the conservative path. Think “enthusiasm” and “strength of character” as you talk to a prospective employer, and you’ll never be very far off the mark. You want him or her to look at you and think, “That’s a person I can trust to get the job done.”

No, that doesn’t mean be a stiff. It just means be solid.

Bruce Bloom
http://www.articlesbase.com/careers-articles/what-every-employer-really-wants-72035.html

Pranic Therapy Vi

Pranic Therapy Part VI

All the four forces in the Universe – weak nuclear force, strong nuclear
force, electricity & magnetism -are but different manifestations of
that Unitary power which the Vedists call Prana. Using this Vital Energy
to heal is called Pranic Therapy. This article is a continuation of the
earlier article Pranic Therapy Part V.

Integral Life & the Universal Stream of Consciousness, Prana

Never in the integral view developed in ancient India was life regarded
as restricted to certain cellular activities. Rather, life is a Universal
stream of Consciousness known as Prana in the Upanishads &
Consciousness- Force ( Chit Shakti ) in the Tantras. Each living being
represents a centre around which Prana moves at different levels known
as sheaths ( koshas). At the core of this multistoreyed personality
structure is the locus of the Self, known as the Atman.The Upanishads
state that just as the spokes of a wheel are fixed at the hub, so also
Prana and all psycho-physical structures are fixed in the Self. The
Self ( Atman ) is the Master Controller of Life that Western science
is seeking. The Vijnanamaya Kosha ( Intellectual Sheath) & the
Anandamaya Kosha ( Bliss Sheath ) are the sheaths where the light
of the Self is experienced.

The unattached Self, exercises its power through the Will ( known
as Dhrti), which in Yogic psychology is regarded as the dynamic aspect of
intelligence. With the help of the pure Will, a Yogi is able to keep all his
sense organs, all activities and mind under control, says the Geetha.
Acquisition of this pure will is the result of a Spiritual Awakening. This
Awakening, which takes place only through prolonged & intense spiritual
struggles, opens the divine door in the heart. This gives the yogi access
to all kosas or the five sheaths. He gains the capacity to open each kosa
to the stream of the Cosmic Prana. The stream of universal life flushes
out impurities & diseases from the personality system and brings in new
vigour and strength.

The world is overcome, aye even here,
By such that fix their faith on Unity
The sinless Brahma ( Absolute ) dwells in Unity,
And they in Brahma ( Absolute )! ( The Song Celestial )

The Cause all Disease – “Fault of Awarenes”

Intense striving alone can pave the way for this kind of yogic self-
mastery. But an inner alertness & some degree of general
supervision over all his activites such as eating, sleeping,exercise,
response to stressful situations etc can be attained by anyone.
It is failure of this inner watchfulness, known as Prajnaparadha or
“Fault of Awareness “, caused by ignorance and negligence that
makes a person yield to evil thoughts and deeds that is the root
cause of all diseases. .

Of the triune attributes of Nature – Rajas, Thamas and Satwa
( humanity, bestiality, divinity ), both Rajas ( humanity ) & Thamas
( bestiality ) are pathogenic. Satwa is non-pathogenic meaning
that living in rhythm with Nature can save us from diseases.

Charaka Samhita, an authentic treaitse on Ayurveda states
“The disturbance of the three humours are caused by Prajnapara-
dha, produced by the distortion of the intellect, will & memory ” .
Some of the aetiological factors are carelessness, lack of alertness,
forgetfulness & misuse of will power.The root cause of most of
the psychosomatic or constitutional disorders is Prajnaparadha,
the misuse of our cognitive and conative faculties. It is our
unconscious way of living, not in conformity with natural law, that
is the primary cause of illness.

Health can be restored by changing our way of living to a Self-
directed style. Hyperacidity, rheumatism, irritable bowel
syndrome and similar disorders are the body’s alarm signals
We can bring about integration of the personality if we extend our
Consciousness into the interior parts of the body & bring these
neglected areas closer to the light of the Self. This integration
fortifies our immune system and restores the coordination,
rhythm and balance in the working of the different organs. This
kind of extension of Consciousness can be done in different ways.

Extension of Consciousness by Meditation

The inner awareness which is the result of absorption in Meditation
can be extended into the affected part of the body through concentrative
visualization. If these meditative techniques are practised for some
days, the process of self-renewal & self-defence gets accelerated
and healing takes place automatically.

The Triune Meditation- ( Physical, Verbal & Mental )

Reverence for preceptors,continence, nonviolence – these constitute
Physical Meditation.

Speaking kind words, adherence to Truth, Self-study – these constitute
Verbal Meditation.

Cheerfulness, humility, silence, purity of heart – these constitute Mental
Meditation

Maintaining Yin-Yang balance

Everything in Life has opposites, Yin-Yang. (Yin is expansion and Yang
is contraction ). The most common yin-yang imbalance is stress arousal.
Stress arousal increases the adrenaline & cortisol levels which inhibits
the immune system. Stress is misplaced effort & takes away the energy
required for healing.

Ultradian healing response is the second major yin-yang balance. Every
one and a half to 2 hours , our mind-body goes through a period of
daydream or slowing called the ‘Ultradian healing response’. We are
neglecting our healing cycle if we artificially keep perked up with coffee,
cigarettes, alcoholism or workaholism. Daydreaming, meditation &
quiet time allows us to take advantage of this Ultradian healing cycle.

The foundation of Life – The Superconscient

Modern Psychology & Psychoanalysis deals with the Subconscious &
Unconscious. Aurobindo averred that the Superconscient and not the
Subconscient is the foundation of life. The Fourfold Yoga is the science
of the Superconscious Mind. The mind via meditation opens up to the
Superconscient and healing takes up automatically.

Jung spiritualised Psycho-Analysis and was not an atheist like Freud.
Modern psychology is an infant science, rash, fumbling and crude. In
it the universal habit of the human mind, to highlight a half-truth and
generalise it unduly, runs riot here. Freudian psychoanalysis is half-
knowledge & half-knowledge is dangerous & can be an impediment
in the realisation of Absolute Truth. Neither the Subconscious
(which modern psychology highlights) – nor the Unconscious (which
Psychoanalysis highlights) are the important elements.The Supercon-
scious, and not the subconscious ( or the Unconscious ) is the
foundation of Life. The science of the Superconscient is Yoga
( whose Western equivalent is Free Masonry.) The Superconscient
is our evolutionary future as the subconscient was our evolutionary past.

( To be continued )

Article by G Kumar, Astrologer, writer & programmer of www.eastrovedica.com. Recently he was awarded a Certificate by the Planetary Gemologists Association Global ( www.p-g-a.org ) as a Planetary Gem Advisor. He has 25 years psychic research experience in the esoteric arts. To subscribe to his free informative Ezine, the Z Files mailto:info@eastrovedica.com?subject=SubscribeZF. His Astro blog is up at http://www.zodiacastrology.blogspot.com & his Philosophy blog is http://transcendentalphilosophy.blogspot.com Mobile 091 9388556053

G Kumar
http://www.articlesbase.com/education-articles/pranic-therapy-vi-62418.html